Journal of Exercise & Organ Cross Talk

Abstract The presence of tetracycline in animal products has toxic and destructive effects on body tissues. In this study we investigate the potential protective mechanism of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) against tetracycline-induced hepatic steatosis (HS) and testicular apoptosis in male Wistar rat. In this study, forty-eight male Wistar rats (8-week, 220±10 gram) were randomly divaded into six groups of primary control (pre week one), primary HS (tetracycline-induced HS), secondary control (after week five), secondary HS, (5) HIIT, and HS+HIIT (after week five). Tetracycline was administered to rats 140 mg / kg for 7 days by gavage. HIIT was performed on rodent treadmill 5 days/week for 5 weeks.  Oral exposure of tetracycline for 7 days caused severe testis damage as indicated by significant alterations in histomorphological, apoptosis, increase Bax, P53 and decease Bcl2 (gene and protein, p=0.001) compared to primary control. But the changes of PARP1 were not significant (p>0.05). However, HIIT and HS+HIIT groups significantly increased spermatogonium counts, spermatocyte cell counts & spermatid cell counts (p=0.001 for all) in line with Bcl-2 and PARP1 (gene and protein, p=0.001) and decreasing apoptotic cells, Bax and p53 compared with secondary HS group (p=0.001). This research provides the first evidence that the beneficial anti-apoptosis effects of HIIT on testis of rats poisoned with tetracycline. This beneficial effect of HIIT on hepatic steatosis and testicular damage and toxicity due to tetracycline might be mediated by inhibiting P53-induced BAX upregulation and preventing apoptosis-mediated degradation of PARP-1.

Abstract Aim of this study was to determine the relations among the tight junction (TJs) genes, muscle strength and cross-sectional area (CSA) influenced by resistance training with or without specific supplement (a combination of lactobacillus and bifidobacterium probiotics, leucine amino acid and Vitamin-D). For this purpose, 25 male wistar rats in two age groups (3 months in young control and 16-24 months in four other groups) randomly divided in 5 equal groups (old and young control, resistance training, supplement and resistance training plus supplement). After 8 weeks of resistance training trice a week and oral gavage of supplement 5 times per week there were no any relation between grip strength and muscle CSA with zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) and occludin (Occ) genes. But result of one-way ANOVA revealed that there were significantly differences among study groups in TJs genes, muscle strength and CSA (P≤0.05). Our finding showed that resistance training along with supplement can increase the level of ZO-1 (P=0.011), and Occ genes (P=0.023) expression. Indeed, resistance training plus supplement had synergistic effect on muscle CSA and grip strength (P=0.001) that can be comparable with young group. In addition, supplement alone appears that doesn’t have beneficial impact on physical function but surprisingly our finding shows strong inverse correlation between Occ and grip strength (p=0.015, r= -1.0) in supplement group which implies that although supplement alone can’t improve physical function but can maintain intestinal barrier function.

Abstract The aim of this study was to considering the correlation between the muscle fibronectin type III domain-containing protein 5 (FNDC5), blood and heart level of Irisin in exercise-trained rats with Nano selenium supplementation after intraperitoneal injection of cigarette smoke extract induced chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). To this end, 49 male Wistar rats (8 weeks old) were divided into seven groups: control, SeNPs (2.5 mg/kg b.w by oral gavage, 3 days/week, 6 weeks), AIT (49 min/day, 5 days/week for 6 weeks, interval), SeNPs+AIT, CSE (150 µL by IP injection, 1 day/week for 6 weeks), CSE+AIT, and CSE+SeNPs+AIT. The results of the present study showed that CSE injection caused inflammation and damage to lung tissue, especially alveoli, compared to the healthy group. In other words, based on the histological examination of cigarette smoke extract, it was able to cause lung tissue damage similar to COPD, and doing exercise and taking nanoselenium antioxidant supplement could control these lung tissue damage. Pearson's correlation method was used to investigate the relationship between muscle FNDC5, serum and heart Irisin, and the results of this correlation were not significant in different groups (p>0.05). It seems that exercising and taking nanoselenium supplements can increase Irisin levels in serum and heart tissue by expanding muscle contraction and increasing muscle FNDC5. However, the relationship of this factor in muscle and heart crosstalk should be investigated more closely.

Abstract It is becoming more important to understand the physiological processes that contribute to the emergence of risk factors associated with menopause, and to discover strategies for preventing and reversing them. The current research aimed to determine the impact of functional and concurrent training on miR-126/miR-1 gene expression, and cardiovascular function in middle-aged postmenopausal women. In this study, 24 women between the ages of 50 and 60 years old with a sedentary life style participated. The subjects were randomly divided into the control group, concurrent training group, and functional training group. The Control received no intervention, and the experimental groups performed selected training protocols for 12 weeks. Doppler ultrasound graphs were utilized after the interventions to evaluate the cardiovascular function. Also, 48 hours after experiment, the blood collection was taken to assess miR-126/miR-1 gene expression. To compare the variables, one-way ANOVA test followed by Tukey's post hoc test was used. The significance level was set at p < 0.05. The results showed that the training programs led to significant enhancements in FLOW-mediated dilation, and PSV (peak systolic velocity). Moreover, there was a significant decrease in the vascular stiffness in the participants after undergoing the training. Additionally, miR-1 and miR-126 gene expression were found to be increased in response to both training interventions. These findings suggest that concurrent and functional training may be an effective approach for reducing the risk of age-related diseases in menopausal women through promoting cardiovascular functions and miR-126/miR-1 gene expression elevation.

Abstract Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a highly aggressive malignant brain tumor with limited treatment options and a poor prognosis. In this study, we aimed to explore the potential effects of resistance training (RT) on the expression relationship between interleukin-6 (IL-6) from skeletal muscle and its interaction with Cathepsin B and Fibronectin type III domain-containing protein 5 (FNDC5) in the hippocampus of rats with GBM. To investigate the role of RT in GBM, we conducted a study using a rat model. By conducting a 4-week RT intervention (three days/week, 30 to 100% of body weight, 3 sets with 4 repetitions/session) and analyzing the expression levels of gastrocnemius muscle IL-6, hippocampal Cathepsin B, and FNDC5, we aimed to shed light on the potential impact of this RT modality on GBM progression. The results showed that GBM induced a significant decrease in gastrocnemius muscle IL-6, hippocampal FNDC5, and Cathepsin B gene expressions that were adjusted by RT. It means that there are significant increases in the GBM+RT group when compared to GBM. There were significant and positive correlations between variables (gastrocnemius muscle IL-6, hippocampal FNDC5, and hippocampal Cathepsin B gene expressions) which led to tissue crosstalk. In conclusion, this study contributes to our understanding of the molecular mechanisms associated with GBM, revealing potential avenues for future therapeutic interventions. RT may serve as a promising approach to modulate the expression relationship between IL-6, Cathepsin B, and FNDC5, offering a potential strategy for improving outcomes in GBM.

Abstract Training is one of the most effective therapy options for improving the control of type 2 diabetes. FGF21 (fibroblast growth factor) has been identified as a novel metabolic regulating factor with substantial anti-diabetic effects in animal models and humans. The goal of this study was to investigate how four weeks of aerobic and resistance exercise affected fasting blood glucose (FBS) and fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) levels in the cardiac tissue of male Wistar rats with diabetes. In this study, 24 male Wistar rats aged 10 to 12 weeks and weighing 200250 grams were made diabetic with STZ and separated into three groups: diabetes + aerobic exercise (n=6), diabetes + resistance training (n=6), and sham (n=6) and healthy (n=6) were divided. The training lasted four weeks, with the aerobic group working out five days per week and the resistance group working out six days per week. Blood samples and cardiac tissue were collected for analysis before and after 48 hours of the previous exercise and 12 hours of fasting. To conduct statistical analysis, the SPSS version 26 program was employed. We saw an increase in FGF21 in the training groups compared to the sham group, which was significant in the resistance training group (p=0.008) and also in the healthy group (p=0.02). The results showed that resistance trainings can have a bigger influence on sugar indicators and anti-diabetic cardiac factors like FGF21, and will play an effective role in minimizing the consequences of diabetes.

Abstract This research paper delves into the intricate interplay between the heart and liver within the realm of metabolic regulation, focusing on the impact of exercise as a pivotal modulator of this dynamic relationship. Through a comprehensive review of pertinent literature, encompassing peer-reviewed articles, reviews, and meta-analyses sourced from databases such as PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar, this paper analyzes the existing understanding of how exercise influences the metabolic crosstalk between the heart and liver. The findings underscore the positive influence of regular physical activity on the metabolic interplay between these vital organs, ultimately contributing to enhanced overall metabolic health. Emphasizing both physiological and molecular aspects, the review provides a succinct overview of its content, highlighting the significance of exercise in modulating metabolic processes. In exploring human studies, animal models, and molecular techniques, this review aims to not only consolidate current knowledge but also to identify research gaps, fostering a foundation for future investigations. The potential therapeutic implications of exercise in mitigating metabolic disorders through the modulation of heart-liver crosstalk are discussed. By addressing inclusion criteria such as studies published within the last decade, written in English, and focusing on human or animal models, this paper contributes to the evolving understanding of the intricate relationship between exercise, heart health, and liver function.

Abstract Dear Editor-in-Chief
The topic of the interaction between gut microbiota and skeletal muscle and its influence on the regulation of muscle mass is new. There is evidence that the composition and diversity of gut microbiota plays a role in skeletal muscle metabolism and function, especially in catabolic (sarcopenia and cachexia) or anabolic (exercise or in athletes) situations. Signals generated by gut-microbiota interactions, such as microbial metabolites, gut peptides, lipopolysaccharides, and interleukins, modulate systemic inflammation and insulin sensitivity, which in turn regulate muscle function.
Potential mechanisms by which the gut microbiota can affect muscle mass suggest that it can regulate the sensitivity of skeletal muscle to anabolic stimuli and contribute to the reduction or increase of muscle mass depending on the physiological state.
In addition, the use of probiotic strategies to prevent muscle mass loss or promote muscle mass gain in catabolic or anabolic states may be helpful. Probiotics, particularly lactic acid bacteria and bifidobacteria, have shown potential in limiting sarcopenia, cachexia, or promoting muscle health and function in rodent studies. However, more research is needed to identify specific strains that can optimize muscle mass and performance in humans (Chew et al., 2023).
Overall, this line of research suggests that a combination of strategies, including probiotics, personalized nutrition, and traditional supplementation, may be the best approach to maintaining muscle function in people of all ages. However, further studies are needed to better understand the role of gut microbiota in muscle metabolism and to identify optimal probiotic strategies for muscle health.
Researchers in this field also discuss challenges in studying the effects of probiotics on muscle mass and function, including variations in study design, participant characteristics, and measurement methods. They suggest future research directions, such as investigating the use of strict anaerobic bacteria and a mixture of probiotics or fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) to more efficiently colonize the host's microbial ecosystem. In addition, they suggest the combination of probiotic strains with other nutritional agents to optimize their effects on the microbiota and muscles (Gizard et al., 2020).
Consequently, while probiotics have shown promising effects on muscle mass and performance in animal studies, their efficacy in humans remains unclear. Further research is needed to determine specific strains and protocols that can effectively modulate gut microbiota and improve muscle health in different populations.