Exercise training increases the chance of the body's immune system to fight against the disease of Covid-19: A mini review of exercise, immune system and myokines

Document Type : Review Articles

Authors

1 PhD Student of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran.

2 PhD, Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran.

Abstract

The covid-19 disease has spread all over the world since 2019 and many people have been affected by this disease. One of the main characteristics of this disease was lung tissue damage, which subsequently affected the immune system as well. In other words, since there are no registered drugs or vaccines against COVID-19, the immune system is the best defense because it supports the body's natural ability to defend against pathogens and resist infections. As long as the immune system is working normally, infections like COVID-19 cannot cause serious damage to the body. The three types of immunity are: innate immunity (fast response), adaptive immunity (slow response), and passive immunity. Strengthening the immune system can guarantee a better fight against pathogens. Exercising can help strengthen the immune system. In other words, exercise is one of the non-pharmacological factors for controlling diseases related to the immune system. Recently, it has been identified that exercise training with muscle contraction, the secretion of myokines in an endocrine form can affect all body tissues. One of the target tissues of myokines is the immune system. Therefore, this study deals with the strengthening role of the immune system due to exercise and muscle contraction in the conditions of the Covid-19 epidemic.

What is already known on this subject?

Many studies have been conducted on the role of physical stress as a factor stimulating the immune system.

 

What this study adds?

Regular exercise with low to moderate intensity can be recommended for healthy people in order to benefit from other best effects of exercise training especially with myokine secretion.

Keywords

Main Subjects

Acknowledgements

None.

Funding

None.

Compliance with ethical standards

Conflict of interest No conflict of interest.

Ethical approval Not applicable.

Informed consent Not applicable.

Author contributions

Conceptualization: R.Sh.; Methodology: AH.H.; Software: None; Validation: R.Sh, AH.H.; Formal analysis: None; Investigation: R.Sh, AH.H.; Resources: R.Sh, AH.H.; Data curation: R.Sh, AH.H.; Writing - original draft: R.Sh, AH.H.; Writing - review & editing: R.Sh, AH.H.; Visualization: R.Sh, AH.H.; Supervision: R.Sh.; Project administration: R.Sh.; Funding acquisition: None.

References

Ahmadi, S., & Sheikh, R. (2023). Effect of incremental interval training on levels of Fasl protein in lung tissue of mature male Wistar rats: Does exercise training reduce lung inflammation? Journal of Exercise & Organ Cross Talk, 3(2), 66-72. doi: https://doi.org/10.22034/jeoct.2023.399579.1081
Ali Imani Fooladi, A., Fazlollah Mousavi, S., Seghatoleslami, S., Yazdani, S., & Reza Nourani, M. (2011). Toll-like receptors: role in inflammation and commensal bacteria. Inflammation & Allergy-Drug Targets (Formerly Current Drug Targets-Inflammation & Allergy), 10(3), 198-207. URL: https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/ben/iadt/2011/00000010/00000003/art00007
Arazi, H., Eghbali, E., Suzuki, K., & Mahdavi, M. (2019). Resistance exercise on two consecutive days induces cortisol, CK, IgA responses in active young males. Apunts. Medicina de l'Esport, 54(204), 131-138. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apunts.2019.11.001
Bakhtiyar, T., Fakhruddin, Y. N., Sirvan, M., Sadegh, M. M., Naseh, A. Z., & Sami, F. Relationship and response of inflammatory, immune and hormonal indicators to increasing sports activity in children.
Bettendorf, G. (1995). Grumbach, Melvin Malcolm. In Zur Geschichte der Endokrinologie und Reproduktionsmedizin (pp. 200-201): Springer. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-79152-9_80
Chan, J. F.-W., Yuan, S., Kok, K.-H., To, K. K.-W., Chu, H., Yang, J., . . . Poon, R. W.-S. (2020). A familial cluster of pneumonia associated with the 2019 novel coronavirus indicating person-to-person transmission: a study of a family cluster. The Lancet, 395(10223), 514-523. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30154-9
Child, M., Leggate, M., & Gleeson, M. (2013). Effects of two weeks of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on monocyte TLR2 and TLR4 expression in high BMI sedentary men. International Journal of Exercise Science, 6(1), 10. URL: https://digitalcommons.wku.edu/ijes/vol6/iss1/10/
de Araújo, A. L., Silva, L. C. R., Fernandes, J. R., Matias, M. d. S. T., Boas, L. S., Machado, C. M., . . . Benard, G. (2015). Elderly men with moderate and intense training lifestyle present sustained higher antibody responses to influenza vaccine. Age, 37(6), 105. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11357-015-9843-4
Feng, Y., & Chao, W. (2011). Toll-like receptors and myocardial inflammation. International journal of inflammation, 2011. doi: https://doi.org/10.4061/2011/170352
Gleeson, M., Bishop, N. C., Stensel, D. J., Lindley, M. R., Mastana, S. S., & Nimmo, M. A. (2011). The anti-inflammatory effects of exercise: mechanisms and implications for the prevention and treatment of disease. Nature reviews immunology, 11(9), 607-615. doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/nri3041
Kanaley, J. A., Weltman, J. Y., Pieper, K. S., Weltman, A., & Hartman, M. L. (2001). Cortisol and growth hormone responses to exercise at different times of day. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 86(6), 2881-2889. doi: https://doi.org/10.1210/jcem.86.6.7566
Klentrou, P., Cieslak, T., MacNeil, M., Vintinner, A., & Plyley, M. (2002). Effect of moderate exercise on salivary immunoglobulin A and infection risk in humans. European journal of applied physiology, 87(2), 153-158. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-002-0609-1
Kohut, M. L., Sim, Y.-J., Yu, S., Yoon, K. J., & Loiacono, C. M. (2009). Chronic exercise reduces illness severity, decreases viral load, and results in greater anti-inflammatory effects than acute exercise during influenza infection. The Journal of infectious diseases, 200(9), 1434-1442. doi: https://doi.org/10.1086/606014
Kugelberg, E. (2014). Pattern recognition receptors: curbing gut inflammation. Nature reviews immunology, 14(9), 583. doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/nri3735
Mackinnon, L. (1998). Future directions in exercise and immunology: regulation and integration. International journal of sports medicine, 19(S 3), S205-S211. doi: https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2007-971993
Nieman, D. C., Lila, M. A., & Gillitt, N. D. (2019). Immunometabolism: A multi-omics approach to interpreting the influence of exercise and diet on the immune system. Annual review of food science and technology, 10, 341-363. doi: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-food-032818-121316
Nieman, D. C., & Wentz, L. M. (2019). The compelling link between physical activity and the body's defense system. Journal of sport and health science, 8(3), 201-217. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jshs.2018.09.009
Nourshahi, M., Hovanloo, F., & Arbabi, A. (2008). Effect of exercise with moderate intensity in the morning on some factors of immune systems in adults. Iran. J. Endocrinol. Metab, 10(3), 241-245. doi: http://ijem.sbmu.ac.ir/article-1-539-en.html
Ouchi, N., Parker, J. L., Lugus, J. J., & Walsh, K. (2011). Adipokines in inflammation and metabolic disease. Nature reviews immunology, 11(2), 85. doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/nri2921
Phillips, C. M., & Perry, I. J. (2013). Does inflammation determine metabolic health status in obese and nonobese adults? The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 98(10), E1610-E1619. doi: https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2013-2038
Raastad, T., Bjøro, T., & Hallen, J. (2000). Hormonal responses to high-and moderate-intensity strength exercise. European journal of applied physiology, 82(1-2), 121-128. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s004210050661
Sheikh, R., & Gallehdari, M. (2023). The effect of herbal supplement and exercise training on plasma lipid profile in diabetic male rats. Journal of Exercise & Organ Cross Talk, 3(2), 86-92. doi: https://doi.org/10.22034/jeoct.2023.399703.1083
Sheikh, R., & Nikbakht, M. (2023). Physical activity and apoptosis, a brief review of previous findings. Sport Sciences and Health Research, -. doi: https://doi.org/10.22059/sshr.2023.360921.1097
Sheikh, R., Shakeryan, S., Tabatbaei, S. R. F., & Habibi, A. (2023). Moderate and high-intensity interval training protect against diabetes-induced modulation of hepatic CD86 and CD206 expression associated with the amelioration of insulin resistance and inflammation in rats. Immunobiology, 152745. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.imbio.2023.152745
Shephard, R. J., & Shek, P. N. (1997). Interactions between sleep, other body rhythms, immune responses, and exercise. Canadian journal of applied physiology, 22(2), 95-116. doi: https://doi.org/10.1139/h97-009
Shirvani, H., & Arabzadeh, E. (2018). Metabolic cross-talk between skeletal muscle and adipose tissue in high-intensity interval training vs. moderate-intensity continuous training by regulation of PGC-1α. Eating and Weight Disorders-Studies on Anorexia, Bulimia and Obesity, 1-8. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40519-018-0491-4
Shirvani, H., & Rostamkhani, F. (2020). Exercise Considerations during Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Outbreak: A Narrative Review. J Mil Med, 22(2), 161-168. doi: https://doi.org/10.30491/JMM.22.2.161 
Silva, R. P., Barros, C. L., Mendes, T. T., Garcia, E. S., Valenti, V. E., de Abreu, L. C., . . . Penha-Silva, N. (2019). The influence of a hot environment on physiological stress responses in exercise until exhaustion. PloS one, 14(2). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0211730
Soleimani, N., Gallehdari, M., & Sheikh, R. (2023). Effect of six weeks of interval training and curcumin consumption on apolipoprotein A and B in diabetic male rats. Journal of Exercise & Organ Cross Talk, 3(2), 73-80. doi: https://doi.org/10.22034/jeoct.2023.400236.1084
Trine, M. R., & Morgan, W. P. (1995). Influence of time of day on psychological responses to exercise. Sports Medicine, 20(5), 328-337. doi: https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-199520050-00004
Warren, K. J., Olson, M. M., Thompson, N. J., Cahill, M. L., Wyatt, T. A., Yoon, K. J., . . . Kohut, M. L. (2015). Exercise improves host response to influenza viral infection in obese and non-obese mice through different mechanisms. PloS one, 10(6). doi: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0129713
Woods, J. A., Keylock, K. T., Lowder, T., Vieira, V. J., Zelkovich, W., Dumich, S., . . . Cook, M. (2009). Cardiovascular exercise training extends influenza vaccine seroprotection in sedentary older adults: the immune function intervention trial. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 57(12), 2183-2191. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.2009.02563.x
Yang, X., Yu, Y., Xu, J., Shu, H., Liu, H., Wu, Y., . . . Yu, T. (2020). Clinical course and outcomes of critically ill patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a single-centered, retrospective, observational study. The Lancet Respiratory Medicine. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-2600(20)30079-5
Yang, Y., Verkuilen, J., Rosengren, K. S., Mariani, R. A., Reed, M., Grubisich, S. A., & Woods, J. A. (2007). Effects of a Taiji and Qigong intervention on the antibody response to influenza vaccine in older adults. The American journal of Chinese medicine, 35(04), 597-607. doi: https://doi.org/10.1142/S0192415X07005090
Ying, L., Gayle Albert, A., Annelies, W.-S., & Joacim, R. (2020). The reproductive number of COVID-19 is higher compared to SARS coronavirus.[J]. J Travel Med. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/jtm/taaa021
Journal of Exercise & Organ Cross Talk
Volume 3, Issue 3
September 2023
Pages 150-155

Files

History

  • Receive Date: 24 June 2023
  • Revise Date: 16 September 2023
  • Accept Date: 17 September 2023

Share

How to cite

Statistics