Vesnu Publications (Farzanegan Radandish)
Journal of Exercise & Organ Cross Talk
2783-2074
1
3
2021
12
01
Effects of eight-week progressive resistance training on physical fitness and psychological health in adolescent males
106
114
EN
José
Afonso
0000-0001-5438-6058
Center for Investigation, Formation, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, Faculty of Sport of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
jneves@fade.up.pt
Masoud
Sadeghi
0000-0002-4130-265X
Sports Sciences Faculty, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran.
drvatat@gmail.com
Omid
Razi
0000-0002-6364-7309
Sports Sciences Faculty, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran.
omid.razi.physio@gmail.com
Alexandre
Martins
0000-0002-8914-9148
Center for Investigation, Formation, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, Faculty of Sport of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
alemsp@gmail.com
Abdolhossein
Parnow
0000-0003-1965-2626
Sports Sciences Faculty, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran.
parnowabdolhossein@gmail.com
10.22034/jeoct.2021.309463.1018
Physical fitness and psychosocial health might improve through resistance training programs. However, there has been controversy regarding the efficacy of different exercise programs. Therefore, this study attempted to compare the effect of 8-week resistance training with linear and undulating programming on physical fitness and mental health. Twenty-nine healthy and untrained students (age: 16.06±0.83) were randomly divided into three groups: (1) control (n= 6), (2) linear programmed resistance training (LPRT) (n= 12), and (3) undulating programmed resistance training (UPRT) (n= 11). After two weeks of familiarization, 1RM (one-maximum repetition) values were obtained. Thereafter, experimental groups attended a resistance training program of 3 sessions/week (lasted 60 min each) for 8 weeks. Both groups had a similar plan until the fourth week. Then, intensity increased up to 70% of 1RM on a weekly basis for the LPRT group, and varied on a daily basis for the UPRT group. Upper- and lower-extremities strength and endurance, balance, speed, explosive-power, lean body mass, general mental health (GSQ) and physical self-concept (PSCQ) were measured. Experimental groups produced significant improvements in physical outcomes, in comparison with the control group. There were no improvements in GSQ and PSCQ. There were no statistically significant differences between the two programs. Both linear and undulating programs improved physical fitness of previously sedentary adolescent males to a similar extent. For practical purposes, as long as loads are individually adjusted, the type of program may not be relevant in beginner practitioners. Furthermore, both models were ineffective in producing changes in the psychosocial variables.
linear training,mental health,programming,resistance training,undulating training
https://www.jeoct.com/article_140951.html
https://www.jeoct.com/article_140951_2801b567724af11cbb1ee35fa09c1dcc.pdf
Vesnu Publications (Farzanegan Radandish)
Journal of Exercise & Organ Cross Talk
2783-2074
1
3
2021
12
01
High intensity interval exercise alters muscle IL-18, FNDC5, and hepatic MMPs in animal model of steatosis: Evidence of skeletal muscle—liver crosstalk
115
123
EN
Mahmoud
Delphan
0000-0002-8548-9989
Young Researchers and Elite Club, Sciences and Researches Branch (Oloom Tahghighat Branch), Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
sport.mahmoud@gmail.com
Maryam
Delfan
0000-0001-8677-2578
Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran.
m.delfan@alzahra.ac.ir
Neda
Delfan
0000-0002-7360-5508
Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and sport sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
nedadelfan7@gmail.com
Daniel
West
0000-0001-9195-2602
- KITE Research, Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario
daniel.west@uhn.ca
Hassan
Nikpour
0000-0001-5054-1217
Exercise Physiology Research Center, Lifestyle Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
an.nikpour@gmail.com
Fatemeh
Rostamkhani
0000-0003-0390-0541
Department of Biology, Yadegar-e-Imam Khomeini (RAH) Shahre Rey Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
rostamkhani@iausr.ac.ir
10.22034/jeoct.2021.317981.1022
Steatosis is a common disease worldwide. High intensity interval training (HIIT) may ameliorate steatosis, possibly through interactions between skeletal muscle and liver; however, mechanistic pathways are poorly understood. We aimed to determine potential mechanisms involved in skeletal muscle-liver crosstalk by measuring the gene expression of skeletal muscle interlukin-18 (IL-18) and fibronectin type III domain-containing protein 5 (FNDC5) and hepatic matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2) and 9 (MMP-9). Thirty-two adult male Wistar rats were randomly divided into four group including normal control (C), high intensity interval training (HIIT), hepatic steatosis+ HIIT (HS+HIIT) and sedentary hepatic steatosis (SHS). HIIT was performed 5 days per week for 5 weeks. Tetracycline (140 mg/kg) was administered by gavage for 7 days to induce NAFLD. We found that HIIT and HS+HIIT increased skeletal muscle expression of FNDC5 relative to SHS group but the increase was attenuated in HS+HIIT. SHS increased muscle IL-18 expression relative to HIIT, HS+HIIT, and C. Expression of hepatic MMP-2 and MMP-9 increased significantly in SHS in comparison with C. There was a significant increase in MMP-9 in HIIT compared with C. Moreover, hepatic MMP-9 expression decreased in both HIIT and SHS+HIIT relative to SHS. MMP-2 decreased significantly in HIIT compared with SHS. Furthermore, muscle IL-18 gene expression was significantly associated with gene expression of hepatic MMP-2 and MMP-9. We conclude that HIIT-induced alteration of skeletal muscle-derived myokines may alter the gene expression of hepatic matrix metalloproteinases, collagenases involved in pathogenesis of liver diseases. Furthermore, steatosis may possibly influence myokine profiles in skeletal muscle. Accordingly, skeletal muscle-liver crosstalk is possibly targeted by HIIT and steatosis in terms of therapeutic approach.
high intensity interval training,skeletal muscle,Liver,steatosis,myokines,Matrix Metalloproteinases
https://www.jeoct.com/article_142097.html
https://www.jeoct.com/article_142097_06a284304003c394dd90520487143a3c.pdf
Vesnu Publications (Farzanegan Radandish)
Journal of Exercise & Organ Cross Talk
2783-2074
1
3
2021
12
01
Adaptive response of slow and fast skeletal muscle following mechanical hindlimb suspension in Wistar male rats
124
132
EN
Masoud
Rahmati
0000-0003-4792-027X
Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Literature and Human Sciences, Lorestan University, Khoramabad, Iran.
rahmati.mas@lu.ac.ir
Abdolreza
Kazemi
0000-0003-1082-6335
Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Faculty of Literature and Human Sciences, Vali E Asr University of Rafsanjan, Rafsanjan, Iran.
rkazemi22@yahoo.com
Lela
Zarei
0000-0001-8753-3667
Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khoramabad, Iran.
leilazarei652@yahoo.com
Mehdi
Abbasi Moghadam
0000-0002-1602-1987
Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Literature and Human Sciences, Lorestan University, Khoramabad, Iran.
mehdi.abb@yahoo.com
10.22034/jeoct.2021.319888.1024
Mechanical hindlimb suspension of lower extremities leads to prompt atrophy in rats' skeletal muscles. The present research was designed to study cross-section area (CSA) and the expression level of the genes ATF4, P53, MST1, and atrogin-1 in slow and fast skeletal muscles following mechanical hindlimb suspension. 20 male Wistar rats were assigned randomly in to two groups: control (Con) and hind-limb suspension (HU) (10 rats per each group). In HU group, tail suspension was designed for 14 constitutive days; however, animals in the control group passed a normal life. The findings indicated that hind-limb suspension could relatively diminish CSA, myonuclei number per fiber and the weight of both soleus and EDL muscles. However, these reductions were not significant for EDL muscle. Furthermore, the expression level of the MST1, atrogin-1, ATF4, and p53 in soleus muscles elevated significantly. Moreover, the expression level of all four genes increased significantly in EDL muscle. Comparison of genes expression level between two soleus and EDL muscles showed that expression of MST1, ATF4, and p53 genes were higher in soleus than EDL, but it was not the case for atrogin-1 as its expression level was more in EDL compared to soleus. Our study provides novel evidence that immobilization of hind-limbs can induce a more powerful atrophic response in slow muscles in comparison to fast ones.
Hindlimb suspension,EDL Muscle,Soleus Muscle,Gene expression
https://www.jeoct.com/article_142161.html
https://www.jeoct.com/article_142161_a8e59a8bf6b1a49f89fa6c6f1489bace.pdf
Vesnu Publications (Farzanegan Radandish)
Journal of Exercise & Organ Cross Talk
2783-2074
1
3
2021
12
01
A narrative review of fatigue in exercise training: Relation between different organs
133
142
EN
Zahra
Hatami Nasab
0000-0002-1678-7181
Phd Student, Department of Exercise Physiology, University of Guilan, Guilan, Iran.
zahra.hatami092@gmail.com
Behzad
kia
0000-0003-1555-4551
Assistant Professor, Department of Sport Physiology, Faculty of Sports Sciences, Islamic Azad University of Shoushtar, Shoushtar, Iran
kiabehzad@gmail.com
10.22034/jeoct.2021.317357.1021
One of the harmful factors that affect athletic performance is exercise-induced fatigue, which results from excessive stress and leads to reduced physical and mental function. Physical fatigue resulting from physical activities, especially sports activities, affect the human immune system. Because the immune system responds to physiological and psychological stress, and like other physiological systems in our body, it causes temporary disorders in response to a session of exercise. The immune system is also affected by the intensity, duration, and type of exercise. As a result of exercise that leads to extreme fatigue, It also may affect immune function by causing stress responses, including inflammation, and cause immune system defects. Leukocyte blood flow and functional capacity may decrease over a long time with repeated strenuous exercise, possibly due to increased levels of stress hormones during exercise. Decreased blood glutamine levels have also been suggested as a possible cause of deficiency in one or more of the immune systems associated with strenuous exercise, although the evidence is less convincing. Also, during exercise, the production of reactive oxygen species increases and some functions of immune cells can be disrupted by excess free radicals. During exercise, exposure to airborne pathogens is higher due to the speed and depth of respiration. Therefore, the increased prevalence of infection in athletes is probably due to several factors: a variety of stressors (physical, psychological, or environmental, nutritional) can suppress immune function, and these effect, along with increased exposure to pathogens.
Exercise,fatigue,immune system
https://www.jeoct.com/article_142175.html
https://www.jeoct.com/article_142175_aa8273c94c5950f9d4fcfed845b7514c.pdf
Vesnu Publications (Farzanegan Radandish)
Journal of Exercise & Organ Cross Talk
2783-2074
1
3
2021
12
01
Sarcopenia: Molecular pathways and potential benefits of exercise training
143
158
EN
Mehdi
Zargani
0000-0001-6500-4895
Department of Exercise Physiology, Islamic Azad University, Karaj Branch, Alborz, Iran.
mehdi.zargani@kiau.ac.ir
Fariba
Aghaei
0000-0002-5781-3454
department of exercise physiology , physical education & sport sciences faculty, Islamic Azad University Karaj branch, Alborz, Iran.
fariba.aghaei@kiau.ac.ir
Ehsan
Arabzadeh
0000-0003-2907-9798
Exercise Physiology Research Center, Life Style Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
eh.arabzadeh@bmsu.ac.ir
Foad
Feizollahi
0000-0003-1847-9745
Clinical Care and Health Promotion Research Center, Karaj branch, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran.
fuad.feizolahi@yahoo.com
Oleksandr
P. Romanchuk
0000-0001-6592-2573
Lviv State University of Physical Culture (Lviv, Ukraine), Department of Sports Medicine, Human Health.
doclfc@ua.fm
10.22034/jeoct.2021.320432.1025
Sarcopenia, an age-associated phenomenon, is characterized by the reduced skeletal muscle mass and function. Research studies indicate that a wide range of factors can play a key role in the onset of muscle atrophy and its progression, especially during old age. However, the pathophysiology of this event is not well understood and there are many unresolved issues yet. Performing different training methods (aerobic, resistance, and concurrent) is among the strategies that may be beneficial for the prevention and improvement of sarcopenia by affecting the signaling pathways of muscle cells. On the other hand, the way in which this type of training affects the signaling pathways involved in sarcopenia has not been well understood. Even the previous research has been incapable of well introducing an effective training method for the elderly at risk for sarcopenia. Generally, in this review article, we investigate and summarize the important and key mechanisms that may contribute to sarcopenia. In the following, we have examined the effect of regular physical activity on cellular signaling pathways involved in sarcopenia, as well as the usefulness of aerobic, resistance, and concurrent activities in adaptation and prevention of the pathology of sarcopenia in the elderly.
sarcopenia,Exercise activities,aging,skeletal muscle
https://www.jeoct.com/article_142196.html
https://www.jeoct.com/article_142196_dfd52b4dc8f34fa63b8af865798691dd.pdf
Vesnu Publications (Farzanegan Radandish)
Journal of Exercise & Organ Cross Talk
2783-2074
1
3
2021
12
01
Telocytes and sarcopenia: Possible effects of exercise training
159
160
EN
Abolfazl
Shakibaee
0000-0002-6712-6527
Exercise Physiology Research Center, Life Style Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
shakibaee.abolfazl@yahoo.com
Martin
Hofmeister
0000-0002-0693-7887
Department Food and Nutrition, Consumer Centre of the German Federal State of Bavaria, Munich, Germany.
hofmeister@vzbayern.de
Mehdi
Zargani
0000-0001-6500-4895
Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Karaj Branch, Alborz, Iran
zargani1980@gmail.com
10.22034/jeoct.2021.314476.1020
<span style="text-decoration: underline;"><strong>Dear Editor-in-Chief</strong></span><br /> <br />Recently, telocytes (TCs) have been identified in various organs of the body, which are unique stromal cells (Manetti et al., 2019). Telopodes (very long and thin cytoplasmic projections) in TCs connect directly with other TCs and adjacent structures (including blood vessels, nerve endings, smooth muscles, glandular elements) through direct homo- and heterocellular junctions, or extracellular vesicles. Studies also show that TC damage and dysfunction is involved in the pathogenesis of inflammatory and fibrotic diseases, especially aging, and may be considered as therapeutic agents in the future (Chaitow, 2017). On the other hand, the evidence suggests that sarcopenia and fertility-related aging syndromes, due to their complex etiology, make pharmacological or nutritional prescriptions ineffective in their prevention and treatment (Kwak & Kwon, 2019). Therefore, the use of multidimensional strategies such as exercise programs with nutritional interventions may be more effective in preventing these age-related diseases (Nascimento et al., 2019; Pascual-Fernández et al., 2020). Research suggests that TCs may play a critical role in such matters as cross-talk preservation, regenerative mechanisms, and support for localized stem cell differentiation. In 2021, Ravalli et al. examined the presence of TCs in the anterior tibialis muscle of healthy rats under the endurance training protocol compared with sedentary rats. TCs in this study included CD34/CD117 and CD34/vimentin, which were identified by double-positive immunofluorescence staining technique. They showed that TCs in sedentary rats decreased significantly after 16 weeks. In contrast, trained rats showed a constant number of TCs after 16 weeks. In short, it can be stated that the protective relationship between TCs and regular sports activity may present new opportunities in the field of regenerative medicine and supports the hypothesis that a possible adaptative stimulus for TCs in sarcopenia and other musculoskeletal disorders is the promotion of physical activity (Ravalli et al., 2021; Rocha et al., 2021).<br />In order to support the repair and reconstruction of skeletal muscle, studies performed by transmission electron microscopy also show that there is a close spatial relationship between TCs and satellite cells in adult skeletal muscle. This association is probably due to the intracellular signaling mechanism of endocrine and paracrine, and although their exact function in skeletal muscle regeneration has not yet been fully understood, TCs containing vascular endothelial growth factor and platelet-derived growth factor receptor beta has been discovered in the interstitial part of skeletal muscle. In this way, TCs play an important role in promoting satellite cell self-renewal, vascular stability, facilitating angiogenesis, and preventing fibrosis (Cretoiu & Popescu, 2014; Manetti et al., 2019; Yin et al., 2013).<br />It is important to note that as age increases, skeletal muscle mass and potential for post-injury regeneration decrease. However, the role of intrinsic changes in satellite cells in these reductions has been controversial because studies have documented a decrease in the number of satellite cells with increasing age in mice. On the other hand, some results indicate that there is not significant reduction in this case. Moreover, evidence suggests that the potential for innate regeneration of satellite cell pools is impaired with age. Although the number of satellite cells in old muscle decreases, the inherent myogenic potential and self-renewal capacity of satellite cells remain unchanged. Factors that can play a role in the activation and differentiation of satellite cells are: paired/homeodomain box transcription factors PAX3 and PAX7 and basic helix-loop-helix myogenic regulatory factors (MRFs) such as MYF5, MRF4, MYOD (Myogenic determination gene number 1) and myogenin (Arpke et al., 2021; Mierzejewski et al., 2020).<br />Unlike satellite cells and fibroblasts, skeletal muscle TCs express the c-kit cell surface marker. TC-specific antigenic markers are not yet fully understood; however, CD34 is currently used as the most reliable marker to detect TCs at the site of light microscopy, also known as TCs/CD34 + stromal cells (Manetti et al., 2019; Yin et al., 2013). The positive effects of regular physical activity on the number of satellite cells have been expressed, at the same time, skeletal muscle that contracts and relaxes is likely to be affected by the mechanical support of TCs during exercise (Ceccarelli et al., 2017; Kondo & Kaestner, 2019). Studies have shown evidence and conclusions about TCs, although, little research has been done on TCs in mammalian skeletal muscle tissue. At present, there is no direct experimental evidence and results that conclusively support a TCs-satellite cells morpho-functional interaction following skeletal muscle injury (Manetti et al., 2019). However, due to the beneficial role of exercise on satellite cells and TCs in the prevention of age-related muscle disorders, there are still many issues that need to be addressed, including identifying TC-specific biomarkers and their role in sarcopenia. Therefore, the role of regular physical activity on new interstitial cells such as TCs will be a new treatment for age-related diseases such as sarcopenia, which requires further investigations (Ravalli et al., 2021; Wang et al., 2016).
Telocytes,sarcopenia,Exercise,physical activity,Satellite Cells,skeletal muscle,Age-Related Diseases
https://www.jeoct.com/article_141226.html
https://www.jeoct.com/article_141226_7dbe4f0260964f2619aeaf2e0fbf3bd4.pdf
Vesnu Publications (Farzanegan Radandish)
Journal of Exercise & Organ Cross Talk
2783-2074
1
3
2021
12
01
The importance of complementary studies in finding mechanisms for the effect of high-intensity exercise training on spermatogenesis
161
162
EN
Zahra
Samadian
0000-0002-9139-1398
College of Skills and Entrepreneurship, Urmia branch, Islamic Azad University, Urmia, Iran.
z.samadian@gmail.com
10.22034/jeoct.2021.318104.1023
<span style="text-decoration: underline;"><strong>Dear Editor-in-Chief</strong></span><br />The increasing prevalence of diabetes in the world, which is projected to reach 4.4% of the world's population by 2030, has raised concerns about the disease (Wild et al., 2004) so that it can affect any of the psychological, physical, social and economic aspects of the patient’s life (Abdel-Gawad, 2014).<br />Accordingly, epidemiological studies have also indicated that nearly 50% of diabetic patients suffer from various reproductive system diseases such as, erectile dysfunction, ejaculation difficulties, reduced sperm quality, and infertility (Song et al., 2021).<br />The two main forms of diabetes (type 1 and type 2 diabetes) are characterized by progressive β-cell failure. In type 1 diabetes, β-cell mass is reduced by 70–80% at the time of diagnosis (Cnop et al., 2005).<br />Pancreatic islet βcell dysfunction leads to glucose metabolism disorder at the whole-body level, which inhibits lactate production by Sertoli cells in testicular tissue. As lactate is the main energy substrate for developing germ cells, its decrease is strongly correlated with spermatogenic dysfunction. Therefore, glucose metabolism disorder appears to be a primary reason of spermatogenic dysfunction in patients with long-term diabetes (Song et al., 2021)<br />Spermatogenesis is the process by which thousands of spermatozoa are produced daily in the gonads. Spermatogonial stem cells are necessary for the onset and continuation of spermatogenesis. Sertoli somatic cells that are in direct contact with spermatogonia stem cells are known to support, coordinate, nourish, and protect the germ cell populations from onset to the end of their meiotic process (Faure et al., 2017).<br />Energy metabolism is a key factor supporting spermatogenesis, including cell proliferation, meiotic division, and differentiation of post-meiotic cells into spermatozoa. In mammals, this process occurs under the influence of Sertoli cells, which “nurse” spermatogenic cells by releasing lactate as an end product of glycolytic metabolism. Lactate is taken up and metabolized by meiotic and post-meiotic spermatogenic cell mitochondria. In round spermatids, external lactate is an efficient metabolite for oxidative metabolism in these cells (Brauchi et al., 2005)<br />In recent decades, the demand for exercise among men and women has increased considerably due to its health benefits, despite this global increase in the desire for physical activity, there is still insufficient knowledge about how the exercise trainings could have positive and negative effects on each organ of the body, including the reproductive system and fertility as well as promoting beneficial effects along with eliminating and preventing unwanted side effects. Relatively, various studies have been indicated that long-term high-intensity exercise training has devastating effects on the male reproductive system. In fact, exercise training causes high physical stress and affects homeostasis, so if done exhaustingly, destructive effects on certain systems and organs of the body, such as reduced sperm parameters (Seminal) and sex hormone levels in elite male athletes might possibly ensue. Additionally, it should be noted that high-intensity exercise training may also have destructive effects on the male reproductive system of non-professionals (Vaamonde et al., 2009).<br />Although anaerobic exercise training may lead to spermatogenic dysfunction, it could also have positive effects based on the fact that high-intensity exercise training through the glycolytic energy production system can increase blood lactate level which is the substrate of Sertoli cells to continue the process of spermatogenesis. Hence, doing original and crosstalk research by researchers is crucial to complete this hypothesis and identify the related mechanisms.
spermatogenesis,high-intensity exercise training,Pancreatic islet beta cell,Diabetes Mellitus
https://www.jeoct.com/article_142200.html
https://www.jeoct.com/article_142200_ff30621474dcd64ca90f2147350f2ffb.pdf
Vesnu Publications (Farzanegan Radandish)
Journal of Exercise & Organ Cross Talk
2783-2074
1
3
2021
12
01
An important issue that has to be addressed: Irisin crosstalk with cancerous tissues
163
163
EN
Saleh
Rahmati-Ahmadabad
0000-0001-8751-1759
Department of Physical Education, Pardis Branch, Islamic Azad University, Pardis, Iran.
salehrahmati@pardisiau.ac.ir
10.22034/jeoct.2021.320906.1026
<span style="text-decoration: underline;"><strong>Dear Editor-in-Chief</strong></span><br />Many studies have shown that regular physical activity has a significant effect on improving a range of disorders such as metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. Regular physical activity improves disease activity in patients by affecting hormones, the reverse cholesterol transport process, factors related to antioxidants and immune defense systems, factors that control cell apoptosis, and more (Myers, Kokkinos, & Nyelin, 2019).<br />Nowadays, the role of muscle-secreting cytokines (in response to physical activity) in fighting diseases has attracted the attention of scientists. Muscle-secreting cytokines (myokines) provide communication between muscle and other tissues and organs such as the brain, adipose tissue, bone, liver, intestines, pancreas, etc., and physical activity is a way to stimulate the secretion of these myokines from the muscle. Myokines are involved in critical processes of the body such as cognition, lipid, and glucose metabolism, browning of white fat, bone formation, endothelial cell function, hypertrophy, skin structure, and tumor growth (Severinsen & Pedersen, 2020); therefore, they can be studied as a mechanism for the effect of physical activity on various diseases.<br />Irisin is a myokine. It is secreted from skeletal muscle in response to physical activity. Physical activity increases the transcriptional activator of PGC1-α and induces the expression of the FNDC5 gene, and subsequently, irisin is released into the blood. Irisin facilitates glucose uptake by skeletal muscle, improves glucose and liver fat metabolism, has a positive effect on hyperlipidemia and hyperglycemia due to obesity and metabolic syndrome, and acts as an insulin-sensitizing hormone (Severinsen & Pedersen, 2020).<br />The role of irisin in cancer treatment is unclear, and further studies are needed. The results of a review study show that regular physical activity increases irisin, but the use of irisin in cancer therapeutics requires further researches (Maalouf & El Khoury, 2019). More studies should be performed to determine the mode of administration of irisin for each cancer type and investigate the amount of use. Moreover, studies on the impact of physical activity on irisin in cancer patients are required.
PGC1-α,FNDC5,Irisin,crosstalk,cancer
https://www.jeoct.com/article_142201.html
https://www.jeoct.com/article_142201_d11393ae284f6facc60be17737cef0e7.pdf