Journal of Exercise & Organ Cross Talk

Abstract It is becoming more important to understand the physiological processes that contribute to the emergence of risk factors associated with menopause, and to discover strategies for preventing and reversing them. The current research aimed to determine the impact of functional and concurrent training on miR-126/miR-1 gene expression, and cardiovascular function in middle-aged postmenopausal women. In this study, 24 women between the ages of 50 and 60 years old with a sedentary life style participated. The subjects were randomly divided into the control group, concurrent training group, and functional training group. The Control received no intervention, and the experimental groups performed selected training protocols for 12 weeks. Doppler ultrasound graphs were utilized after the interventions to evaluate the cardiovascular function. Also, 48 hours after experiment, the blood collection was taken to assess miR-126/miR-1 gene expression. To compare the variables, one-way ANOVA test followed by Tukey's post hoc test was used. The significance level was set at p < 0.05. The results showed that the training programs led to significant enhancements in FLOW-mediated dilation, and PSV (peak systolic velocity). Moreover, there was a significant decrease in the vascular stiffness in the participants after undergoing the training. Additionally, miR-1 and miR-126 gene expression were found to be increased in response to both training interventions. These findings suggest that concurrent and functional training may be an effective approach for reducing the risk of age-related diseases in menopausal women through promoting cardiovascular functions and miR-126/miR-1 gene expression elevation.

Abstract The aim of our study was to examine the effect of 12 weeks of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise on bone mineral density (BMD), lymphocyte alkaline phosphatase (ALP) mRNA expression, and biochemical markers of bone turnover in postmenopausal women (PMWs). Twenty-four healthy sedentary PMWs aged 45-70 years were randomly assigned to exercise (EX, n=12) and control (C, n=12) groups. The EX group performed walking/jogging (50-60min/day, 3days/week at 65%-70% HRmax reserve) for 12-week while the C group participated in no intervention and continued their normal lifestyle. The BMD and lymphocyte ALP mRNA were determined by DXA and qRT-PCR, respectively. After 12 weeks, the increase in the lymphocyte ALP mRNA expression and its serum (P=0.008 and P=0.001), PTH (P=0.001), Vit-D (P=0.002), and VO2max (P=0.001) were significantly higher in the EX group compared to the C group, whereas body fat was significantly decreased (P=0.028). Our study indicates that 12 weeks of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise intervention improves bone turnover by increasing the ALP mRNA expression, serum levels of PTH, ALP, and Vit-D which can lead to the prevention of aging-induced osteopenia among PMWs.

Abstract PH stress can be caused by menopause, poor nutrition, high protein intake, old age, prolonged strenuous and anaerobic exercise, anemia, diabetes, AIDS, and respiratory diseases. High calcium enters the bloodstream from the bones during the proton buffering due to metabolic acidosis, which the renal system excretes a significant amount of this calcium to eliminate the acidosis condition and regulate body pH. At the bone surface, this increase in hydrogen ions due to metabolic acidosis can destroy osteoblastic and strengthen osteoclast activity, which negative bone turnover and increases the amount of excreted calcium, thus accelerating the progress of osteoporosis. Due to the widespread prevalence of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women and the provision of various therapies such as medication, estrogen therapy, and proper diet, in recent studies, special attention has been paid to the role of endurance and resistance exercise to decrease osteoporosis or prevent the development of this disease. Also exercise training increases irisin secretion from muscle tissue, which this myokine has beneficial effects on other tissues especially on bone. Irisin increases osteocytic survival and production of sclerostin in bone tissue, which is associated with bone remodeling. However, exercise training in some intensity through metabolic mechanisms can increase pH stress and acidosis and may contribute to the development of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women.  As a result, the hypothesis of different intensities of exercise and their induced acidosis stimuli in postmenopausal women should be considered.