Journal of Exercise & Organ Cross Talk

Abstract Dear Editor-in-Chief
Lifestyle-related diseases are usually caused by mistakes in daily life, such as smoking, unhealthy diet, and inactivity. Some of these diseases are including heart diseases, stroke, diabetes, obesity, metabolic syndrome, lung diseases and some types of cancer. These diseases are usually more prevalent in industrialized countries where sedentary lifestyles have spread. At the international level, these diseases are known as non-communicable and chronic diseases or degenerative diseases. Chronic diseases can lead to loss of independence, years of disability, or death, and impose a significant economic burden.
Regular physical activity helps improve your overall health, fitness and quality of life. Also, regular exercise helps reduce the risk of chronic diseases such as type 2 diabetes, heart disease, many types of cancer, depression, anxiety and dementia. Aerobic exercise can help improve your heart health and endurance. Also, these types of exercise help to lose weight. High-intensity interval training is generally safe and effective for most people. In high-intensity interval training, physical activity is performed alternately with high intensity and with low intensity, and these intensity changes have various effects on the health of the body. Strength training can improve muscle strength and endurance, make daily activities easier, reduce disease-related muscle weakness, and provide joint stability. In all these types of exercises, the skeletal muscle tissue has the most activity, and most of the positive effects of exercise are attributed to this tissue. Recently, it has been stated that muscle tissue as a secretome can secrete substances from itself and affect distant tissues. These substances secreted from muscle tissue are known as myokines.
During exercise muscles can produce and release cytokines, signaling peptides or myokines. These molecules can exert paracrine and endocrine actions. Not all of them are produced exclusively by skeletal muscle, as they can also be released by other cells such as adipose tissue (adipomyokines). Nevertheless, skeletal muscle is probably the major source of most myokines, as it constitutes more than 30% of human body mass (Piccirillo, 2019). Myokine irisin produced from muscle tissue can control many damages caused by fatty tissue and reduce the inflammatory damage of this tissue in metabolic diseases such as diabetes, fatty liver or even cardiovascular diseases. β-aminoisobutyric acid (BAIBA) is a myokine involved in browning of fat and it can reduce insulin resistance (Gonzalez-Gil & Elizondo-Montemayor, 2020). Myostatin also controls insulin resistance and prevents fat accumulation in the liver (Mikolasevic et al., 2020). Follistatin is also effective in regulating the growth of muscle tissue and reducing fat tissue (Song et al., 2019). FGF21 also promotes insulin sensitivity. Apelin and METRNL also have anti-inflammatory properties (Gholamrezayi et al., 2020). All these myokines can be effective in reducing lifestyle-related diseases with their role. Therefore, exercise should be included in your daily life.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to investigate and compare the effect of eight weeks of continuous and interval training on PGC-1α and FNDC5 gene expression in the gastrocnemius muscle of male Wistar rats. 30 eight-week-old rats with an average weight of 192 ± 10 were randomly divided into 3 groups (n=10): control group (Ctrl), interval endurance training group (IET) and continuous endurance training group (CET). The exercise groups participated in 8 weeks of continuous or interval training program (5 days per week). 24 hours after the last training session, all the rats were anesthetized and their gastrocnemius muscles were collected and transferred to the laboratory to measure the mRNA levels of PGC-1α and FNDC5 genes by Real Time-PCR method. The results showed that the expression level of FNDC5 in the gastrocnemius muscle was significantly higher in the interval and continuous endurance training groups than in the control group. Also, the expression of this gene was higher in the interval group than in the continuous group. It was also found that the expression of PGC-1α gene was significantly increased in both training groups compared to the control group. Also, the expression of this gene increased significantly in the interval training group compared to the continuous. It seems that interval endurance training has a greater effect on the expression of PGC-1α and FNDC5 factors in the gastrocnemius muscle.